Rapid fluorescence tagging of glycans and other biomolecules with enhanced ms signals

ABSTRACT

Reagents comprising MS active, fluorescent molecules with an activated functionality for reaction with amines useful in tagging biomolecules such as N-glycans and uses thereof are taught and described.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/193,418, which is a continuation of InternationalApplication No. PCT/US2012/057996, filed Feb. 28, 2014, which claims thebenefit of Provisional Application No. 61/540,306, filed Sep. 28, 2011,and also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/342,131, which is the National Stage of International Application No.PCT/US2012/057996, filed Feb. 28, 2014, which claims the benefit ofProvisional Application No. 61/540,306.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

None.

THE NAMES OF PARTIES TO A JOINT RESEARCH AGREEMENT

None.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Fluorescent labeling of N-glycans is beneficial to detecting glycansbecause it improves both sensitivity and selectivity of the detection aswell as the chromatographic behavior of glycans. Amino acid analysis isa fundamental process in protein research and is of particularimportance to clinical chemists and pharmaceutical manufacturers whenglycosylation profiling of proteins must be monitored to ensureconsistency of a therapeutic product. Upon derivation with a reagenthaving a fluorescent moiety, the functional group of the compound canonly be estimated. Mass spectrometry (“MS”) is then required to identifythe specific compound.

Analysis by MS has reached a high degree of development with respect toglycan and amino acid analysis and proteomics. However, the necessaryreaction time to functionalize most amines is slow. The current state ofthe art utilizes tagging molecules that either (1) react quickly andhave good fluorescence signal, but poor MS signal or (2) react veryslowly and give good MS/fluorescence signals. A combination of MS andfluorescence detection is desirable, however, because fluorescencedetection is very useful tool in determining quantitatively how much ispresent. On the other hand, MS is used to determine what the molecularmakeup is.

A need exists, therefore, for molecules with that rapidly react withbiomolecules and provide strong mass spectrometry and fluorescencesignals.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Described herein are MS active compounds useful in rapid fluorescencetagging of glycans such as N-linked glycans and other bio-moleculesincluding, but not limited to, proteins, peptides and amino acids. TheseMS active, fluorescent compounds have three functional components: (a) atertiary amino group or other MS active atom; (b) a highly fluorescentmoiety, and (c) a functional group that rapidly reacts with amines, suchas an isocynanate or succidimidylcarbamate. The reactive functionalgroup provides rapid tagging of desired bio-molecules, and thefluorescent moiety provides for a strong fluorescent signal. Thetertiary amino group substituent provides a strong MS signal.

In particular, the invention relates to compounds of the variousformulas described herein. Each compound can act as a reagent for rapidfluorescence tagging of biomolecules and enhanced MS signaling. Forexample, the MS active, rapid fluorescence tagging compounds can be ofthe structural Formula IV:

-   -   or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—.

Furthermore, the MS active, rapid fluorescence tagging compounds can beof the structural Formula V:

-   -   or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;

R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl amino,alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or R⁴ isalkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid, and wherein R³and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form anoptionally substituted 5- to 8-membered saturated or partiallyunsaturated ring; and

-   -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N.

The compounds of the formulas described herein may have optical centersand therefore may occur in different enantiomeric and disastereomericconfigurations. The invention described herein includes all enantiomers,diastereomers and other stereoisomers of such compounds of each formula,as well as racemic compounds and racemic mixtures and other mixtures ofstereoisomers thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the fluorescence and MS detection of the glycans G0F, G1F,and G2F released from 0.8 μg Herceptin IgG labeled with2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate.

FIG. 2 shows the fluorescence and MS detection of the glycan G2FBS2released from 0.8 μg Herceptin IgG labeled with 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Novel compounds useful in the rapid fluorescence tagging of glycans suchas N-linked glycans and other bio-molecules including, but not limitedto, proteins, peptides and amino acids and with enhanced MS signalingare provided herein. These compounds are used to analyze glycans and/orother biomolecules in a sample. To analyze the biomolecule, the moleculeis rapidly labeled with a compound described herein and then subjectedto liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and fluorescence detection.

The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to analkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined below.Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy,n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy,and the like.

The term “alkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to astraight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to andincluding 20, preferably 1 to 10, and more preferably 1 to 6, carbonatoms. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein.Examples of alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl,n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl,octyl, noyl and the like. The term “alkylene,” as used herein, alone orin combination, refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from astraight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or morepositions, such as methylene (—CH₂—).

The term “alkylamino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through anamino group. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated,forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino,N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-ethylmethylamino and the like.

The term “amino,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to—NRR′, wherein R and R′ are independently selected from the groupconsisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,heteroaryl, and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may themselves beoptionally substituted.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, means acarbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings whereinsuch rings may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused.The term “aryl” embraces aromatic radicals such as benzyl, phenyl,naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthryl, indanyl, indenyl, annulenyl,azulenyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and biphenyl.

The terms “benzo” and “benz,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refer to the divalent radical C₆H₄═ derived from benzene. Examplesinclude benzothiophene and benzimidazole.

The term “carbamate,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan ester of carbamic acid (—NHCOO—) which may be attached to the parentmolecular moiety from either the nitrogen or acid end, and which may beoptionally substituted as defined herein.

The term “O-carbamyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toa —OC(O)NRR′, group-with R and R′ as defined herein.

The term “N-carbamyl” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toa ROC(O)NR′— group, with R and R′ as defined herein.

The term “carbonyl,” as used herein, when alone includes formyl [—C(O)H]and in combination is a —C(O)— group.

The term “carboxy,” as used herein, refers to —C(O)OH or thecorresponding “carboxylate” anion, such as is in a carboxylic acid salt.An “O-carboxy” group refers to a RC(O)O— group, where R is as definedherein. A “C-carboxy” group refers to a —C(O)OR groups where R is asdefined herein.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a carbocyclic substituent obtained byremoving a hydrogen from a saturated carbocyclic molecule and havingthree to fourteen carbon atoms. In one embodiment, a cycloalkylsubstituent has three to ten carbon atoms. Examples of cycloalkylinclude cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.

The term “halo,” or “halogen,” as used herein, alone or in combination,refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

The term “haloalkoxy,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through anoxygen atom.

The term “haloalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refers toan alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or morehydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced aremonohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals. A monohaloalkylradical, for one example, may have an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atomwithin the radical. Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two ormore of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals.Examples of haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl,pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl,dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl anddichloropropyl. “Haloalkylene” refers to a haloalkyl group attached attwo or more positions. Examples include fluoromethylene (—CFH—),difluoromethylene (—CF₂—), chloromethylene (—CHCl—) and the like.

The term “heteroalkyl,” as used herein, alone or in combination, refersto a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical,or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atomsand from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting ofO, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally beoxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. Theheteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of theheteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as,for example, —CH₂—NH—OCH₃.

The terms “heterocycloalkyl” and, interchangeably, “heterocycle,” asused herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated,partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, ortricyclic heterocyclic radical containing at least one, preferably 1 to4, and more preferably 1 to 2 heteroatoms as ring members, wherein eachsaid heteroatom may be independently selected from the group consistingof nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and wherein there are preferably 3 to 8ring members in each ring, more preferably 3 to 7 ring members in eachring, and most preferably 5 to 6 ring members in each ring.“Heterocycloalkyl” and “heterocycle” are intended to include sulfones,sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclicfused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms alsoinclude systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, asdefined herein, or an additional heterocycle group. Heterocycle groupsof the invention are exemplified by aziridinyl, azetidinyl,1,3-benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl,dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl,dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl,dihy-dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl,isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl,tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and the like. Theheterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless specificallyprohibited.

The term “optionally substituted” means the anteceding group may besubstituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, the substituents of an“optionally substituted” group may include, without limitation, one ormore substituents independently selected from the following groups or aparticular designated set of groups, alone or in combination: loweralkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkanoyl, lower heteroalkyl,lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lowerhaloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl,phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, loweracyloxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower carboxyester,lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, loweralkylamino, arylamino, amido, nitro, thiol, lower alkylthio, arylthio,lower alkylsulfinyl, lower alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl,arylthio, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, trisubstituted silyl, N₃, SH, SCH₃,C(O)CH₃, CO₂CH₃, CO₂H, pyridinyl, thiophene, furanyl, lower carbamate,and lower urea. Two substituents may be joined together to form a fusedfive-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ringconsisting of zero to three heteroatoms, for example formingmethylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy. An optionally substituted group may beunsubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₃), fully substituted (e.g., —CF₂CF₃),monosubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CH₂F) or substituted at a level anywherein-between fully substituted and monosubstituted (e.g., —CH₂CF₃). Wheresubstituents are recited without qualification as to substitution, bothsubstituted and unsubstituted forms are encompassed. Where a substituentis qualified as “substituted,” the substituted form is specificallyintended. Additionally, different sets of optional substituents to aparticular moiety may be defined as needed; in these cases, the optionalsubstitution will be as defined, often immediately following the phrase,“optionally substituted with.”

The term R or the term R′, appearing by itself and without a numberdesignation, unless otherwise defined, refers to a moiety selected fromthe group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl,heteroaryl and heterocycloalkyl, any of which may be optionallysubstituted. Such R and R′ groups should be understood to be optionallysubstituted as defined herein. Whether an R group has a numberdesignation or not, every R group, including R, R′ and R^(n) where n=(1,2, 3, . . . n), every substituent, and every term should be understoodto be independent of every other in terms of selection from a group.Should any variable, substituent, or term (e.g. aryl, heterocycle, R,etc.) occur more than one time in a formula or generic structure, itsdefinition at each occurrence is independent of the definition at everyother occurrence. Those of skill in the art will further recognize thatcertain groups may be attached to a parent molecule or may occupy aposition in a chain of elements from either end as written. Thus, by wayof example only, an unsymmetrical group such as —C(O)N(R)— may beattached to the parent moiety at either the carbon or the nitrogen.

The term “bond” refers to a covalent linkage between two atoms, or twomoieties when the atoms joined by the bond are considered to be part oflarger substructure. A bond may be single, double, or triple unlessotherwise specified. A dashed line between two atoms in a drawing of amolecule indicates that an additional bond may be present or absent atthat position. The development and production of therapeutic proteins isbecoming the fastest-growing segment of the pharmaceutical industry. Theefficacy, stability and protein secretion of these large molecule drugsdepend on their Post Translational Modifications (“PTMs”). Glycosylationis the most complex and common PTM and plays a vital role in the safetyand efficacy of many therapeutic proteins such as recombinantantibodies. Several studies have shown the correlation betweenglycosylation variations caused by cell line selection and changes inculture medium parameters. Patrick Hossler et al., Optimal andConsistent Protein Glycosylation in Mammalian Cell Culture, 19GLYCOBIOLOGY 926 (2009). These variations can have a profound effect onthe biological activities of the mAb drugs, which leads to changes indrug potency in the final product. Regulatory agencies requiremonitoring of batch-to-batch recombinant antibody drug productionquality and mandate detailed assessment of the protein glycosylationmicro-heterogeneity and consistency.

The compounds described herein may also form hydrogen bonds with othercompounds. A hydrogen bond is an electromagnetic attractive interactionbetween polar molecules, where hydrogen is bonded to an electronegativeatom such as nitrogen or oxygen. The hydrogen bond represents a strongdipole-dipole attraction. These hydrogen-bond attractions can occurbetween molecules (intermolecular) or within different parts of a singlemolecule (intramolecular). When a hydrogen atom is attached to anelectronegative atom, it is considered a hydrogen bond donor. Theelectronegative atom is considered a hydrogen bond acceptor, whether itis bonded to a hydrogen atom or not. While many possible hydrogen bondscan exist between two compounds, an exemplary bonding of a compound withanother could take one of many forms, including, but not limited to, forexample the following:

A general representation for hydrogen bonded compounds is providedimmediately below:

where the dot represents a first compound hydrogen bonded to a secondcompound, but not the exact bonding between such compounds, and hydrogenbonds could be formed at different positions within compounds.

Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds presented herein. Thesecenters are designated by the symbols “R” or “S,” depending on theconfiguration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It shouldbe understood that the invention encompasses all stereochemical isomericforms, including diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms, aswell as d-isomers and l-isomers, and mixtures thereof. Individualstereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically fromcommercially available starting materials which contain chiral centersor by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed byseparation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed byseparation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, directseparation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns, or anyother appropriate method known in the art. Starting compounds ofparticular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can bemade and resolved by techniques known in the art. Additionally, thecompounds of the present invention may exist as geometric isomers. Thepresent invention includes all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E), andzusammen (Z) isomers as well as the appropriate mixtures thereof.Additionally, compounds may exist as tautomers; all tautomeric isomersare provided by this invention. Additionally, the compounds of thepresent invention can exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms withpharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and thelike. In general, the solvated forms are considered equivalent to theunsolvated forms for the purposes of the present invention.

Hence, the compounds described herein can also be in the form of a saltor solvate, in particular acid addition salts. Through a reaction witheither organic or inorganic acids, compounds presented herein or groupsof compounds can form a salt. For example, in acid-base neutralization,an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. Basically, to reacttogether, there must be the transfer of protons between acids and bases.Also, different acids can produce different ions. For example, anArrhenius acid produces hydronium ions when it dissociates in water.Similarly, a Bronsted-Lowry acid is a proton donor that donates hydrogenions to the base. Hence, proton acceptors and proton donors are thebasis for the reaction and are referred to sometimes as a conjugate baseor a conjugate acid. A conjugate pair refers to acids and bases withcommon features, where there is an equal loss/gain of protons betweenthe pairs. For example NH₄ ⁺ is the conjugate acid to the base NH₃because NH₃ gains a hydrogen ion to form NH₄ ⁺ as H₂O donates a hydrogenion to form OH⁻, the conjugate base. On the other hand, under adifferent theory, a Lewis acid accepts an electron pair and a Lewis basedonates an electron pair donor. Accordingly, the proton H⁺ can be anelectron pair acceptor. Moreover, a compound can be both, a Lewis acidand a Lewis base, depending on the reaction. For example, methyl iodidecan behave as both, a Lewis acid and a Lewis base, where the methylgroup is donated to form a salt.

Examples of acids which can be employed to form a salt of any of thecompounds provided herein include inorganic acids and organic acids aswell known to those skilled in the art such as, but not limited to,N-hydroxysuccinimide, hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, hydroiodic,hydrobromic, sulfuric, hydrosulfuric, thiosulfuric, hydrocyanic,phosphoric, phosphorous, hydrochlorous, chlorous, nitrous, nitric,chloric, perchloric, sulfurous, oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric.Salts may also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkalimetal or alkaline earth ion. In addition, other acids can form a saltincluding, but not limited to, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid,2,2-dichloroacetic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, 2-oxoglutaricacid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, acetic acid,adipic acid, ascorbic acid (L), aspartic acid (L), benzenesulfonic acid,benzoic acid, camphoric acid (+), camphor-10-sulfonic a cid (+), capricacid (decanoic acid), caproic acid (hexanoic acid), caprylic acid(octanoic acid), carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamicacid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonicacid, ethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid,gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid (D), gluconic acid (D), glucuronicacid (D), glutamic acid, glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid,isobutyric acid, lactic acid (DL), lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleicacid, malic acid (−L), malonic acid, mandelic acid (DL), methanesulfonicacid, naphthalene-1,5, disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid,nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oleic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid,pamoic acid, phosphoric acid, proprionic acid, pyroglutamic acid (−L),salicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, sulfuricacid, tartaric acid (+L), thiocyanic acid, toluenesulfonic acid (p),undecylenic acid.

For the compounds described herein, the counterion can be the conjugatebase formed after reacting a compound or groups of compounds with anacid. In other words, counterion holds the opposite charge to that ofthe compound or compounds it is associated with. Thus, with respect topossible salts of the compounds herein having a conjugate acid of NH₄ ⁺,the counterion represents the anionic part of the salt.

Hence, counterions of a salt compound described herein can include, butare not limited to, any of the following common anions and oxoanions:N-hydroxysuccinimidyl, hydride (H⁻), fluoride (F⁻), chloride (C⁻),bromide (Br⁻), iodide (I⁻), oxide (O²⁻), hydroxide (OH⁻), peroxide (O₂²⁻), sulfide (S²⁻), hydrogen sulfide (HS⁻), selenide (Se²⁻), nitride(N³⁻), azide (N₃ ⁻), phosphide (P³⁻), arsinide (As³⁻), carbide (C⁴⁻),cyanide (CN⁻), hypochlorite (ClO₁ ⁻), chlorite (ClO₂ ⁻), chlorate (ClO₃⁻), perchlorate (ClO₄ ⁻), sulfite (SO₃ ²⁻), sulfate (SO₄ ²⁻), hydrogensulfate (HSO₄ ⁻), thiosulfate (S₂O₃ ²⁻), nitrite (NO₂ ⁻), nitrate (N₃⁻), phosphite (PO₃ ²⁻), phosphate (PO₄ ³⁻), (mono)hydrogen phosphate(HPO₄ ²⁻), dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO₄ ⁻), carbonate (CO₃ ²⁻), hydrogencarbonate (HCO₃ ⁻), oxalate (C₂O₄ ²⁻), cyanate (NCO⁻), isocyanate(OCN⁻), thiocyanate (SCN⁻), chromate (CrO₄ ²⁻), dichromate (Cr₂O₇ ²⁻O),permanganate (MnO₄ ⁻).

For example, provided herein are salt forms of compounds of thestructural Formula I:

-   -   wherein    -   R¹ is O═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or —C═N—;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—;    -   R⁷ is independently selected from —H or methyl; and    -   Y is a counterion.

Similarly, compounds of the structural Formula II in a salt form are:

-   -   wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring;    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N;    -   R⁷ is independently selected from —H or methyl; and    -   Y is a counterion.

Likewise, compounds of the structural Formula III are provided and shownin a salt form:

-   -   wherein    -   x=0 or 1;    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   Ar is selected from optionally substituted phenyl group,        naphthyl group, anthryl group, pyridyl group, pyrazyl group,        quinolyl group, acridly group, and coumaryl group, and in        combination with a carbonyl group produces a fluorescent moiety;    -   R² is a reactive group selected from the group consisting of        N-succinimidyl carbamate, isocyanate, and isothiocyanate;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting        of —H, alkyl, alkyl amino, alkylsulfonic acid, and alkyl        phosphonic acid, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl,        lower alkanoyl, lower heteroalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, lower        haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower        perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl,        aryl, aryloxy, lower alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower        acyloxy, carbonyl, carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower        carboxyester, lower carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen,        hydroxy, amino, lower alkylamino, arylamino, amido, nitro,        thiol, lower alkylthio, arylthio, lower alkylsulfinyl, lower        alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, arylthio, sulfonate,        sulfonic acid, trisubstituted silyl, N₃, SH, SCH₃, C(O)CH₃,        CO₂CH₃, CO₂H, pyridinyl, thiophene, furanyl, lower carbamate,        and lower urea, wherein two substituents can be joined together        to form a fused five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or        heterocyclic ring consisting of zero to three heteroatoms and        the optionally substituted group can be unsubstituted, fully        substituted, monosubstituted or substituted at a level anywhere        in-between fully substituted and monosubstituted and R³ and R⁴,        alone or in combination, can be MS active;    -   R⁵ is lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkanoyl,        lower heteroalkyl, lower heterocycloalkyl, lower haloalkyl,        lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower        perhaloalkoxy, lower cycloalkyl, phenyl, aryl, aryloxy, lower        alkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, oxo, lower acyloxy, carbonyl,        carboxyl, lower alkylcarbonyl, lower carboxyester, lower        carboxamido, cyano, hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino, lower        alkylamino, arylamino, amido, nitro, thiol, lower alkylthio,        arylthio, lower alkylsulfinyl, lower alkylsulfonyl,        arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, arylthio, sulfonate, sulfonic acid,        trisubstituted silyl, N₃, SH, SCH₃, C(O)CH₃, CO₂CH₃, CO₂H,        pyridinyl, thiophene, furanyl, lower carbamate, and lower urea,        wherein two substituents can be joined together to form a fused        five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring        consisting of zero to three heteroatoms, wherein the optionally        substituted group can be unsubstituted, fully substituted,        monosubstituted or substituted at a level anywhere in-between        fully substituted and monosubstituted, and R⁵ can be MS active,        but when R⁵ is MS active, R³ and R⁴ are H;    -   R⁶ is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone and can be MS active;    -   R⁷ is independently selected from —H or methyl; and    -   Y is a counterion.

Furthermore, provided herein are compounds of the structural Formula IVin a salt form:

-   -   wherein    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—;    -   R⁷ is independently selected from —H or methyl; and    -   Y is a counterion.

In addition, provided herein are compounds of the structural FormulaIV-A:

-   -   or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—.

Further provided are compounds of the structural Formula IV-B:

-   -   or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—.

Compounds of the structural Formula V are provided in a salt form as:

-   -   wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═CαN,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring; and    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N;    -   R⁷ is independently selected from —H or methyl; and    -   Y is a counterion.

The invention further includes compounds of the structural Formula V-A:

-   -   or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is O═C═N—, S═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring; and    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N.

The invention also includes compounds of the structural Formula V-B:

-   -   or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring; and    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N.

In addition provided herein are compounds of the structural Formulas VI,VII, VIII, VIII-A, VIII-B, IX, IX-A, and IX-B which are useful for rapidfluorescent labeling of glycans and subsequent analysis by means ofliquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and provided immediatelybelow. Furthermore, the Formula IV, IV-A, IV-B, V, V-A, V-B, VIII,VIII-A, VIII-B, IX, IX-A, and IX-B described herein may be fullysubstituted with more than one R₂ group as defined therein.

-   -   wherein    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—.

-   -   wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═C═N—

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring; and    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N.

-   -   wherein    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—.

-   -   wherein    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R¹ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—.

-   -   wherein    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is        O═C═N—.

-   -   wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring; and    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N.

-   -   wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring; and    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R¹        is S═C═N.

-   -   wherein    -   m=0-9;    -   n=0-9;    -   X═C or N;    -   R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—, S═C═N—,

-   -   R² is independently selected from methylene, substituted        nitrogen, oxygen, carbonyl, amide, ester, sulfur, sulfoxide, or        sulfone;    -   R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl        amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or        R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid,        and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they        are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered        saturated or partially unsaturated ring; and    -   R⁵ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈        cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl,        alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—, and not when R₁        is S═C═N.

The following schemes I, II, III and IV can be used to practice theinvention and make the compounds described herein.

Preparation of2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(2-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)quinolin-6-yl)carbamate

40 mg of B was dissolved in 2.5 mL of a 1:4 mixture ofdimethylformamide:dichloromethane in a 10 mL flask equipped with a stirbar and purged with N₂. 1.7 mg of dimethylaminopyridine and 181 μL ofdicyclohexylcarbodiimide were then added to the flask. After stirringfor 10 min, 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine (57 mg) in 3 mL ofdichloromethane was added to the flask. This was then stirred at roomtemperature for 20 hours. After this time, 3 mL of water was added tothe reaction flask. The organic layer was separated and the aqueouslayer was extracted with 2 mL of dichloromethane. The organic phaseswere combined, dried, and then evaporated to dryness to provide thecrude material. This was subjected to standard organic chemistrypurification techniques to provide the desired material C in >95%purity.

1.8 g of C was dissolved in a mixture of 5.3 g of trifluoracetic acid in30 mL of dichloromethane. The reaction mixture was stirred at roomtemperature for 48 hours. After removal of the solvent under reducedpressure, the crude material was dissolved in 30 mL of 0.5 N HCl. Thismixture was then extracted with 50 mL aliquots of ethyl acetate. Theorganic phases were combined, dried, and then evaporated to dryness toyield 1.2 gram of the crude product. This was subjected to standardorganic chemistry purification techniques to provide the desiredmaterial D in >98% purity.

425 mg of D was added to 6 mL of dry acetonitrile in a dry 10 mLErlenmeyer flask equipped with a stir bar, and allowed to dissolve. In aseparate 25 mL flask equipped with a 10 mL dropping funnel and a stirbar, 380 mg of N,N-disuccinimidylcarbonate (DSC) was dissolved in 6 mLof dry acetonitrile, and the system was purged with N₂. The solution ofD was then transferred to the dropping funnel, and added dropwise to theDSC solution over the course of 10 min. The solution was then allowed tostir for 4 hours. At this point, the solvent was removed, and thedesired product E was dried at room temperature under high vacuum.

Preparation of 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate

In a first method, 2.6 g of procainamide A was added to 47 g of dryacetonitrile in a dry 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask equipped with a stir bar,and allowed to dissolve. In a separate 1 L flask equipped with adropping funnel and a stir bar, 3.2 g of N,N-disuccinimidylcarbonate(DSC) B was dissolved in 417 g of dry acetonitrile, and the system waspurged with N₂. The solution of procainamide was then transferred to thedropping funnel, and added dropwise to the DSC solution over the courseof 1 hour. The solution was then allowed to stir for 4 hours. At thispoint, the solvent was removed, and 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate C was dried atroom temperature under high vacuum.

In a second method, 8.2 g of procainamide was added to 50 mL of drydichloromethane in a dry 100 mL Erlenmeyer flask equipped with a stirbar, and allowed to dissolve. In a separate 1 L flask equipped with adropping funnel and a stir bar, 10.1 g of N,N-disuccinimidylcarbonate(DSC) was mixed with 400 mL of dry dichloromethane, and the system waspurged with N₂. The solution of procainamide was then transferred to thedropping funnel, and added dropwise to the DSC solution over the courseof 1 hour. The solution was then allowed to stir for 4 hours. At thispoint, the desired product was removed from the mother liquor byfiltration, then dried at room temperature under high vacuum.

Methods used for Scheme I and Scheme II are applicable to Scheme III formaking the compounds presented herein.

Methods used for Scheme I and Scheme II are applicable to Scheme IV formaking the compounds presented herein.

Therefore, specific novel compounds useful in the rapid fluorescencetagging of molecules with enhanced MS signals include, but are notlimited to, the following compounds:

N-linked and O-linked glycans are common glycans from recombinantbiotherapeutic proteins, N-glycans being the more prominent. N-linkedglycans are attached to asparagines via an N-acetylglucosamine(“GlcNAc”) residue in an Asn-Xxx-(Ser, Thr) motif where Xxx can be anyamino acid except proline. O-linked glycans are attached to eitherSerine or Threnine. N-linked glycans can be removed from theglycoprotein chemically or enzymatically. Analytical methods ofanalyzing N-linked glycans have become considerably sophisticated. CE-,HPAEC-PAD, HILIC-LC/FLR, RPLC/MS, MALDI-MS are the most commonanalytical instrumentations. Liquid chromatography (“LC”) separationwith fluorescence detection is widely used in the pharmaceuticalindustry for the characterization of enzymatically/chemically releasedglycan, typically tagged with a fluorescent dye at the reducing end of aglycan. Kalyan R. Anumula & Shirish T. Dhume, High Resolution and HighSensitivity Methods for Oligosaccharide Mapping and Characterization byNormal Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography FollowingDerivatization with Highly Fluorescent Anthranilic Acid, 8 GLYCOBIOLOGY685 (1998); Karina Mari{hacek over (n)}o et al., A Systematic Approachto Protein Glycosylation Analysis: A Path Through the Maze, 6 NATURECHEMICAL BIOLOGY 713 (2010). Fluorescent measurements are sensitive andquantitative; the low detection limit is in the low femtomoles. Withrecent advancements in mass spectrometry instrumentation, thecombination of liquid chromatography, fluorescence and MS has gainedmore popularity as an analytical instrument platform for routinecharacterization of fluorescently labeled N-linked glycans. Therefore,relative quantitation and molecular weight measurements can be done in asingle analysis. Shigeo Suzuki et al., Comparison of the Sensitivitiesof Various Derivatives of Oligosaccharides in LC/MS with Fast AtomBombardment and Electrospray Ionization Interfaces, 1006 ANAL. CHEM 2073(1996). However, another challenge is that glycans do not ionizeefficiently via electro-spray-ionization (“ESI”). Therefore, in general,tagging with an MS active moiety is required.

The sample preparation step can be very time consuming as it requiresenzymatic digestion on the protein to release N-linked glycans followedby fluorescence tagging reaction. For example, the derivatization with afluorescence moiety accomplished by reductive amination can require upto 4 hours. Derivatization using the aromatic amine, 2-aminobenzamide(2AB), is the most established method and requires this reductiveamination. The 2AB tag improves the MS sensitivity compared to thenon-labeled glycan and is fluorescently active.

Provided herein is a rapid method for fluorescent tagging N-linkedglycans using novel chemical reagents. These tags are designed toenhance the analyte mass spectrometry response. This same chemical tagmaybe used for amino acid and peptide labeling. The reaction mechanismmay be the same for all three types of molecules, whereby thederivatization occurs at the amine moiety. Amino acid analysis, peptidemapping and glycan profiling are each an integral part of the overallbiotherapeutic protein characterization. Therefore, it is advantageousto have rapid universal fluorescent derivatization methods which improvedetection of the MS instrumentation.

New molecules (also referred herein to as “reagents”) specific forN-linked glycans amino acids and peptides, are provided for enhanced MSdetection and rapid fluorescence tagging of glycans and otherbiomolecules with enhanced MS signals. Through the use of thesereagents, the reaction times necessary to carry out the tagging process(or otherwise sometimes referred to herein as “labeling”) is measured inseconds, rather than minutes or hours. The described molecules areuseful in a wide variety of processes that rely on glycan and aminoacid/peptide analysis for essential information of a product, process,or protein. As such, the molecules described herein may be used inprocesses such as protein characterization, cell culture monitoring,synthetic peptide manufacturing, and food analysis.

The reagents provided herein can consist of three functional componentsa) a tertiary amino group or other MS active atom, b) a highlyfluorescent moiety, and c) a functional group that rapidly reacts withamines (such as an isocyanate, or succidimidylcarbamate). Other reagentscan consist of two functional components a) a tertiary amino group orother MS active atom, and b) a functional group that rapidly reacts withamines (such as an isocyanate, or succidimidylcarbamate). The componentsserve the following purposes: (1) the amino group or MS active groupgives good MS signal; (2) the fluorescent moiety provides a goodfluorescence signal; and (3) the reactive functional group gives rapidtagging of desired biomolecules.

The enhanced MS signal observed upon utilization of a 2AB taggingreagent (slow reaction-hours), for example, is a function of the aminoor amine group present in the system following tagging. Currentlyavailable rapid tagging agents contain no amino functionality followingtagging of the desired biomolecule. Rather, these compounds havefunctionalities which do not provide the same electron density for massspectrometry applications (e.g., urea or carbamate) and tie up theelectron density resulting in low MS signal.

Biomolecules are organic compounds that are involved in the maintenanceand metabolic processes of living organisms. Many disease conditions aredue to impaired amino acid metabolism (e.g. phenylketonuria). As notedabove, a biomolecule can also be a therapeutic agent such as peptidebased pharmaceuticals that have been used to treat the disease. Glycans,amino acids, peptides and proteins are closely monitored during proteindrug development and production. Many biomolecules can be detected bytagging them with a fluorescent label. The resulting conjugate orcomplex will show fluorescence, thereby facilitating their detection.There is recent movement in the industry towards using MS for detectionand quantitation of biomolecules. Fluorescent detection is still widelyused for its sensitivity and quantitative analysis. Therefore, thecombination of liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and fluorescentdetection is an analytical platform that can be used for a comprehensiveprotein analysis. Notwithstanding, there is no single technique that iscapable of providing a complete structural analysis of N-linked glycans.

Mammalian and plant glycoproteins are biomolecules that commonly containany one or more three types of constituent glycans, oligo- andpolysaccharides. Glycans are important for protein folding and anyalteration thereof may eliminate or alter activity. Often an immuneresponse is triggered by an unrecognized glycan. Of the three types ofglycans, analytical methods of analyzing N-linked glycans have becomeconsiderably sophisticated.

Structurally, N-linked glycans are attached to asparagines via anN-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue in an Asn-Xxx-(Ser, Thr) motifwhere Xxx can be any amino acid except proline. The N-glycan can beremoved from the glycoprotein with hydrazine whether manually or withthe aid of automated hydrazinolysis equipment. The reagent cleavespeptide bonds between the AN-linked glycan and asparagines to producethe glycan biomolecule. Several enzymes are available for releasingN-glycans. N-glycosidase F (PNGase-F), a commonly used enzyme, cleavesthe intact glycan as the glycosylamine leaving aspartic acid in place ofthe asparagine at the N-linked site of the protein. Harvey, D. J.,Identification of Protein-Bound Carbohydrates by Mass Spectrometry, 1PROTEOMICS 311 at 311-312, 317 (2001), incorporated herein by reference.

Detection of Molecules by MS and Fluorescence

Most amino acids and/or glycans are not readily detectable due to theabsence of a strong chromophore or fluorophore or MS active moiety. Theabsorbance and fluorescence response are quite weak. A commonly usedtactic to maximize the sensitivity of an assay is to convert thecompound of interest into a derivative that exhibits a better responsefor the particular detection method being utilized. The selection of aderivatizing agent is a critical choice in the development of ananalytical procedure. The derivatizing agent affects the ultimatesensitivity and accuracy of the analysis by maximizing the sensitivity,yield and stability of the derivatized molecules.

Basically, the following determinations must be performed separately:(1) the glycosylated sites; (2) the glycosylated site occupancy; (3) thestructure and amount of each glycan at each site; and (4) the number ofglycoforms. Id. at 312, incorporated herein by reference. In mostsituations, MS can provide the answers to each of these steps. Hence theneed for enhanced MS signals. Because of the branched nature of theglycan, however, structural determination of the glycan is complicated.Here, the monosaccharide unit, the anomericity and ring size of eachmonosaccharide, the monosaccharide sequence and ring conformationtogether with identification of other groups must be determined. Withthe exception of ring conformation, MS can be used directly orindirectly to make these determinations using MALDI and/or ESI as thepreferred MS technique. Id. at 313-316, incorporated herein byreference.

Currently, for N-glycans, derivatives are most commonly added to thereducing terminus of the glycan by reductive amination reaction with anaromatic amine. Id. at 318-319. Reducing-Terminal Derivatization,incorporated herein by reference. Reductive amination, while producingan MS active compound, is a very slow process and can take four (4)hours to tag the reagent to the compound. Reducing-terminal derivativesmay also be prepared by reactions other than reductive amination. Id. at319, incorporated herein by reference.

Most glycans are not readily detectable due to the absence of a strongchromophore or fluorophore. Free glycans released from glycoproteinsenzymatically or chemically can be analyzed directly via MALDI MS orESI/MS/MS directly without any chemical tagging. Ying Qing Yu et al., ARapid Sample Preparation Method for Mass Spectrometric Characterizationof N-linked Glycans, 19 RAPID COMM. MASS SPECTROMETRY 2331 (2005). Thislabel-free approach is suitable for qualitative analysis for glycans.However, this approach is not as well suited for relative quantitationdue to the fact that glycans from a single protein sample can be veryheterogeneous in that the ionization efficiency is not the same amongthem. Therefore, a single analysis platform that can perform bothquantitive and qualitative analysis is desirable. Since a fluorescentdetector only detects the dye itself, the fluorescent response fromvarious glycans can be used for relative quantitation. The selection ofa derivatizing agent is a critical choice in the development of ananalytical procedure. For N-glycans, derivatives are often added to thereducing terminus of the glycan by reductive amination reaction with anaromatic amine. Reductive amination, while producing an MS activecompound, is a very slow process and can take up to four hours tocomplete. There are many aromatic amine compounds that are used forreductive amination for glycans, most of them giving a low to moderateMS response. Recently, it was reported that procainamide can be used toenhance glycan MS response. Song Klapoetke et al., The Evaluation of aNovel Approach for the Profiling and Identification of N-linked GlycansWith a Procainamide Tag by HPLC With Fluorescent and Mass SpectrometricDetection, 53 J. PHARMACEUTICAL AND BIOMEDICAL. ANAL. 315 (2010). Asignificant increase of glycan ionization was observed when comparedwith 2AB-labeled glycans. Id. However, procainamide labeling procedureis similar to other commonly used reductive amination reagents, andtherefore, it still takes a half day for the labeling step.

As such, fluorogenic derivatization prior to an HPLC analysis of aminoacids currently serves as an efficient tool in the analysis of thesesystems. For example, phanquinones and benzooxadiazoles are nitrogencontaining fluorophores that can be used as pre-column derivatizationagents. These compounds are devoid of intrinsic fluorescence. However,on conjugation with amino acids, they form the corresponding fluorescentconjugates.

Uses of the Reagent Compounds Presented Herein

The present compounds are particularly useful for derivatizing glycansand also amino acids and proteins because they react quickly with themolecules and form a stable, highly fluorescent MS derivative. Thegeneral methodology for an analysis of a glycan or amino acid using thecompounds of the subject invention consists of three closely relatedprocesses: (1) formation of derivatives in the sample; (2) separation ofthe derivatives; and (3) detection of the separated derivatives. Thefirst step is generally performed by reacting a mixture with one of thepresent reagents to yield a distinct compound. These derivatives providea fluorescent signal which can then be detected in the detection stageof the analysis.

The separation step is based upon the differences in the chemicalstructure of the derivatives. The derivatized amino acids differ fromeach other in the same way that the chemical structures of the precursoramino acids differ. The derivatives must be separated so that thedetector signal can be correctly related to the concentration of eachderivative. The derivatized amino acids can be separated and detected bychromatography, e.g., by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)or capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE). HPLC is particularly useful forthis purpose. These technologies are well suited for this purposebecause they are selective and can be used with very small samples. Itis also possible to carry out the separation step by separating theamino acids prior to their derivatization.

The detection step is generally carried out using either an absorbanceor fluorescence detector. As each derivative is eluted from thechromatographic column after separation, its presence and quantity isdetected by a mass spectrometer and/or by the aborbance or emission oflight. The sensitivity of the assay depends upon the strength of thesignal produced.

In the case of peptide analysis, reverse phase HPLC can be also used toanalyze the peptide digests. In a given peptide digest there may be from20 to 150 different peptides, each of which must be resolved andquantified. In many instances, the available sample is very small. Forexample, the analyst may be determining the structure of a protein thatis isolated from an organism or one that has been synthesized byrecombinant DNA technologies. Typically, nanomole quantities of aprotein digest are studied. Due to the scarcity and cost of manyproteins, it is very desirable to use as small a sample as possible.

As described in Example I below, we tested the labeling of N-linkedglycans with 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate. Here, N-linkedglycans were released from a glycoprotein (Herceptin) using PNGase Fprior to labeling with 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate. The2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate was solubilized inwater free acetonitrile to a final concentration of 45 μg/μl. 100 μl of2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate solution was addedto the released glycan sample and left at room temperature for 5minutes, during which time the labeling reaction finished. The labeledsample was lyophilized using a speed vac. The lyophilized sample wasreconstituted in 60% acetonitrile/water solution prior tochromatographic separation using HILIC LC method. As shown in FIGS. 1and 2, the samples were analyzed using fluorescence and MS detection.

Additional Uses for the Molecules Presented Herein

Absorbance detection is generally used in protein mapping work. Twodifferent detection processes which are often used for this purpose are:a) detection at 210-215 nm using a single wavelength detector; and b)broadband spectral detection using a photodiode array (PDA) detector. Inthe first method, all peptides absorb at that wavelength, thus the usercan ensure that all peptides eluted from the column are detected. Onedifficulty with this technique is that a wide variety of compoundsabsorb in this region of the spectrum, and extreme care must be taken toensure that all reagents, eluents, glassware, etc. are scrupulouslyclean to ensure that the observed signal is solely from the peptides. Inthe second method, the PDA detector collects the spectra of the eluentat specific time intervals (e.g. a spectrum between 200 and 350 nm iscollected every second). This provides more information than a singlewavelength and thus can assist in distinguishing between peptides whichmay elute with similar retention times.

Peptide mapping often involves the qualitative and quantitative analysisof trace levels of peptides in the digested protein. The identificationand quantitation of peptides in complex mixtures in the present methodis effected by a three stage process: a) tagging the peptides ofinterest with the heterocyclic aromatic carbamates or other reactivegroups, which exhibit a stronger absorbance or fluorescence signal thanthe original compound; b) separating the derivatized samples; and c)detecting the derivatized peptides by absorbance or fluorescencetechniques. The separation conditions for a derivative are frequentlydrastically different from the separation of the starting compounds.Likewise, the efficiency of a separation has a serious impact on thedetection process. Use of the present heterocyclic aromatic carbamatesand/or similar reactive groups provides a mapping method adaptable foruse with nanogram quantities of protein. Further, the methods describedherein provide a means for enhancing the sensitivity of knownmethodologies for detecting peptides in biological samples, such astissue, urine, blood and saliva.

Derivatization Agent Selection

There are several criteria important for the utility of a derivatizationmethod. The analytical procedure must provide accurate quantitation ofeach component present in a complex mixture. To accomplish this, it isnecessary to resolve the components of interest, not only from eachother, but from components generated by the derivatization procedure.Quantitative conversion of all underivatized glycans and amino acids,including secondary amino acids, to single products is highly desirable,and facilitates good quantitation.

Detection selectivity is another advantageous feature for amino acidderivatives. Underivatized amino acids all absorb weakly in the low UV(200-220 nm) range, but detection at such wavelengths is subject tointerference by many compounds present in sample mixtures orchromatographic mobile phases. Derivatization with reagents absorbing atapproximately 254 nm provides a measure of selectivity, but any aromaticorganic compounds, frequently present in biological samples, caninterfere at this wavelength. Reagents that enable detection viafluorescence, electrochemical response or visible-range absorbance wouldbe desirable for superior detection selectivity.

Finally, it is necessary for derivatives to be sufficiently stable toallow separation and detection without significant degradation. Highlystable derivatives are also favorable as they allow a sample to bereanalyzed, if so desired, without assaying another sample.

In the past, a number of derivatization procedures have been developedto permit the assay of amino acids by high performance liquidchromatographic and electrophoretic separations. Five such procedurescommonly utilized for this purpose include:

(1) The o-phthalaldehyde (OPA)/mercaptan method. The OPA procedure candetect amino acids with a typical detectable level in the order of about100 femtomole (fmol). The formation of the derivatives is rapid. Asignificant difficulty with this method is the adduct is fairlyunstable, and must be prepared very shortly before the detection step.An additional problem is that this reagent will not form a derivativewith secondary amino acids.

(2) The 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC method). The FMOC procedureprovides for stable derivatives, with a minimum detectable level in theorder of a few hundred fmol. There are a number of disadvantages withthe FMOC procedure. Free tryptophan and cystine cannot be quantitatedeasily. The derivatizing reagent must be removed from the reactionmixture by an extraction step because it is itself fluorescent. Thereagent has also been reported to form multiple derivatives withhistidine. The reagent is also hazardous to work with, because it iscorrosive and is a lachrymator.

(3) The phenylisothiocyanate method (PITC). The PITC procedure yieldsstable derivatives which are formed rapidly. It can be used for bothprimary and secondary amino acids, as well as cystine. The method usesabsorbance as the detection procedure, and can provide a minimumdetection limit of 1 pmol. However, the derivatives are not fluorescentand detection must be performed at 254 nm, which does not allow for gooddetection selectivity.

(4) The dansyl chloride method. The dansyl chloride method providesstable derivatives with a minimum detectability in the order of about1.5 pmol. It is able to detect secondary amines and cysteine, but itresults in multiple derivatives.

(5) Fluorescent succinimidocarbamates have been used as derivatizingagents for amines, amino acids, peptides, phosphates and other classesof compounds. When the succinimidocarbamate reagent is used to tag acompound with a fluorescent group, a detection limit of about 1 pmol canbe achieved. These reagents are used in conjunction with modernseparation techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography,thin layer chromatography or capillary electrophoresis. Nimura et al.,58 ANAL. CHEM. 2372 (1986). Succinimidyl activated carbamates have beenprepared by reacting carbocyclic aromatic amines withdi-(N-succinimidyl) carbonate. Takeda et al., 24 TETRAHEDRON LETT., 4569(1983).

Current derivatization chemistry for HPLC analysis of a broad range ofsamples includes Waters' AccQTag Amino Acid Analysis System. WatersAccQTag method is a precolumn derivatization technique for peptide andprotein hydrolysate amino acids. The AccQTag methodology is based on aderivatizing reagent developed specifically for amino acid analysis.Waters AccQFluor reagent (6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydrozysuccinimidylcarbamate, or ACQ) is an N-hydroxysuccinimide-activated heterocycliccarbamate, a known class of amine-derivatizing compounds. See, EP0533200B1.

This reagent converts both primary and secondary amino acids to stable,fluorescent derivatives and hydrolyzes to yield 6-aminoquinoline, anon-interfering byproduct. The AccQFluor reagent reacts rapidly withprimary and secondary amino acids to yield highly stable ureas thatfluoresce strongly at 395 nm. The resulting derivatives are stable atroom temperature for up to one (1) week.

The key to the rapid and simple Waters AccQTag Amino Acid Analysismethod is the derivatizing reagent and a simple, pre-columnderivatization protocol. Waters AccQFluor Reagent is a highly reactivecompound, 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbarmate (AQC), whichforms stable derivatives with primary and secondary amino acids in amatter of seconds. The derivatives are easily separated by reversedphase HPLC using Waters AccQTag Amino Acid Analysis System in less than35 minutes.

Excess reagent is consumed during the reaction to form aminoquinoline(AMQ). AMQ has significantly different spectral properties than any ofthe derivatized amino acids. This allows for the programming of adetector wavelength that maximizes the spectral emission response of thederivatives while minimizing the response of the AMQ. The derivatizationprotocol—adding reagent to and heating a properly buffered sample—issimple and straight forward. The amino acid derivatives can be injecteddirectly without further sample preparation. Common buffer salts anddetergents have little effect on reaction yield or on thereproducibility of results.

Another example of derivatization chemistry for HPLC analysis of a broadrange of samples is the InstantAB™ kit from Prozyme which is used to tagN-linked glycans, for example, the Glyko® InstantAB™ kit (available fromProzyme, Inc., Hayward, Calif.). InstantAB™ provides rapid tagging andstrong fluorescence but produces a weak MS signal. In fact, the MSsignal of this molecule is significantly reduced when compared to thestandard 2-AB reagent.

Presented herein are molecules that contain a tertiary amine, afluorescent moiety and a reactive functional group. Certain othermolecules may simply contain the tertiary amine and reactive functionalgroups. All molecules, however, undergo rapid functionalization. Throughthe use of a tertiary amine, all of the molecules are MS active (activein mass spectrometry), while others may also be fluorescent.

Below is a new molecule and reagent useful in mass spectrometryapplication and are fluorescent:

2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate

As noted above, the current state of the art utilizes tagging moleculesthat either 1) react very slowly and give good MS/fluorescence signalsor 2) react quickly and have good fluorescence signal, but have poor MSsignal. The lack of MS signal in the currently rapid reacting moleculesis believed to arise from the lack of an electron rich amine—anynitrogen present loses electron density as part of urea or carbamatefunctionality. Herein, we provide the addition of an amino group orother MS active atom to the fluorescent moiety of the rapidly reactingsystems, or alternatively, adding a reactive functional group to theslow reacting (high fluorescence and MS signal) system in order todecrease reactivity time (from hours to seconds).

Other fluorescent moieties may be useful in connection with themolecules described herein include coumarins, an important class ofoxygen-containing fluorophores commonly used for labeling amino acids.Coumarins are a variety of substituted coumarins having a base molecularstructure as follows:

A specific example is coumarin 7(3-(2′-Benzimidazolyl)-7-N,N-diethylaminocoumarin) where the red R group(H on the parent coumarin) can be an isocyanate, anO-succinimidylcarbamate, or other amine reactive group.

Another example is a functionalized coumarin 334(2,3,5,6-1H,4H-Tetrahydro-9-acetylquinolizino-[9,9a,1-gh]-coumarin)utilizing the carbonyl group as a functional handle to attach thereactive moiety.

Also, the following Nile Red derivative is functionalized through thephenol group to give an amine reactive group.

Nile Red Derivative

Other examples of coumarins useful as a fluorescent moiety include:

-   Coumarin 4 (7-Hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 120 (7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 2 (7-Amino-4-methylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 466 (7-Diethylaminocoumarin);-   Coumarin 47 (7-Diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 102    (2,3,5,6-1H,4H-Tetrahydro-8-methylquinolizino-[9,9a,1-gh]-coumarin);-   Coumarin 152A (7-Diethylamino-4-trifluormethytcoumarin);-   Coumarin 152 (7-Dimethylamino-4-trifluormethylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 151 (7-Amino-4-trifluormethylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 6H    (2,3,5,6-1H,4H-Tetrahydroquinolizino-[9,9a,1H-gh]coumarin);-   Coumarin 307 (7-Ethylamino-6-methyl-4-trifluormethylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 500 (7-Ethylamino-4-trifluormethylcoumarin);-   Coumarin 314    (2,3,5,6-1H,4H-Tetrahydro-9-carboethoxyquinolizino-[9,9a,1-gh]coumarin);-   Coumarin 510    (2,3,5,6-1J-4H-Tetrahydro-9-(3-pyridyl)-quinolizino-[9,9a,1-gh]coumarin);-   Coumarin 30    (3-2′-N-Methylbenzimidazolyl)-7-N,N-diethylaminocoumarin);-   Coumarin 552 (N-Methyl-4-trifluormethylpiperidino-[3,2-g]-coumarin);-   Coumarin 6 (3-(2′-Benzothiazolyl)-7-diethylaminocoumarin); and-   Coumarin 153    (2,3,5,6-1H,4H-Tetrahydro-8-trifluormethylquinolizino-9,9a,1-gh]coumarin).

Rhodamines may also be useful as fluorescent moieties. Rhodamine dyesbased upon the fluorone molecule having a base molecule structure as:

and include the following examples:

-   Rhodamine 110 (o-(6-Amino-3-imino-3H-xanthen-9-yl)-benzoic acid);-   Rhodamine 19 (Benzoic    Acid,2-[6-(ethylamino)-3-(ethylimino)-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-9-yl],perchlorate);-   Rhodamine 6G (Benzoic    Acid,2-[6-(ethylamino)-3-(ethylimino)-2,7-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-9-yl]-ethylester,monohydrochloride);-   Rhodamine B    (2-[6-(Diethylamino)-3-(diethylimino)-3H-xanthen-9-yl]benzoic acid);-   Rhodamine 101 (8-(2-Carboxyphenyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro—    1H,4H,10H,13H-diquinolizino[9,9a,1-bc:9′,9a′,1-hi]xanthylium    Perchlorate).

Fluoresceins may also be useful as fluorescent moieties as shown below:

Examples include of fluoresceins include:

-   Uranin (Disodium Fluorescein); and-   Fluorescein 27 (2,7-Dichlorofluorescein)

In short, the MS active, fluorescent rapid tagging glycan moleculesdescribed herein can utilize different other fluorescent moieties inplace of the benzamide structure of Formula I and II.

For example, other fluorescent moieties that may be used together with afunctional group and the MS active atom to produce an MS active, rapidtagging molecule include a biphenyl-phenyl, naphthyl-substitutedoxadiazol moiety as shown immediately below.

Examples include:

-   Butyl-PBD (2-(4-Biphenylyl)-5-(4-t-butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol);-   PBD (2-(4-Biphenylyl)-S-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol); and-   BBD (2,5-Bis-(4-biphenylyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol).

Similarly, phenyl-substituted oxazols (shown immediately below) andfurans (not shown) may be useful as the fluorescent moiety.

Examples of such moieties include:

-   PPO (2,5-Diphenyloxazol);-   α-NPO (2-(1-Naphthyl)-5-phenyloxazol);-   BBO (2,5-Bis-(4-biphenylyl)-oxazol); and-   POPOP (1,4-Di[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]benzene).

In addition, other possible fluorescent moieties are shown below:

Ter and Quaterphenyls (shown above), where the examples include:

-   TMQ (3,3′,2″,3″-Tetramethyl-p-quaterphenyl);-   BMQ (2,2′″-Dimethyl-p-quaterphenyl);-   DMQ (2-Methyl-5-t-butyl-p-quaterphenyl);-   PQP (p-Quaterphenyl);-   Polyphenyl 1 (p-Quaterphenyl-4-4′″-disulfonicacid Disodium salt);-   Polyphenyl 2 (p-Quaterphenyl-4-4′″-disulfonicacid Dipotassium salt;-   BiBuQ (4,4′″-Bis-(2-butyloctyloxy)-p-quaterphenyl);-   BM-Terphenyl (2,2″-Dimethyl-p-terphenyl); and-   PTP (p-Terphenyl).

Azaquinolone and carbostyryls (shown above), where the examples include:

-   Carbostyryl 7 (7-Amino-4-methylcarbostyryl);-   Carbostyryl 3 (7-Dimethylamino-4-methylquinolin-2); and-   Quinolon 390 (7-Dimethylamino-1-methyl-4-methoxy-8-azaquinolone-2).

Benzoxazoles and benofurans and benzothiazoles (shown above), whereexamples include:

-   DASBTI (2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)-benzothiazolylethyl Iodide);-   Coumarin 6 (3-(2′-Benzothiazolyl)-7-dimethylaminocoumarin);-   Styryl 9M    (2-(6-(4-Dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-neopentylene-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)-3-methyl-benzothiazolium    Perchlorate);-   Styryl 15    (2-(6-(9-(2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo(i,j)-chinolizinium))-2,4-neopentylene-1,3,5-hexatrienyl)-3-methylbenzothiazolium    Perchlorate);-   Styryl 14    (2-(8-(4-p-Dimethylaminophenyl)-2,4-neopentylene-1,3,5,7-octatetraenyl)-3-methylbenzothiazolium    Perchlorate),-   Styryl 20    (2-(8-(9-(2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo(i,j)-chinolizinium))-2,4-neopentylene—    1,3,5,7-octatraenyl)-3-methylbenzothiazolium Perchlorate);-   Furan 1 (Benzofuran,2,2′-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diyl-bis-tetrasulfonic    acid (tetrasodium salt)); and-   PBBO (2-(4-Biphenylyl)-6-phenylbenzoxazol-1,3).

Likewise, substituted stilbenes (phenyl, diphenyl, napthyl, etc. . . . )shown immediately below might be used as the fluorescent moiety in anMS, rapid tagging fluorescent molecules. Substituted stilbenes have thebase structure as follows:

Examples of substituted stilbenes (shown above) include:

-   DPS (4,4′-Diphenylstilbene);-   Stilbene 1 ([1,1′-Biphenyl]-4-sulfonic acid,    4′,4′″-1,2-ethene-diylbis-, dipotassium salt); and-   Stilbene 3    (2,2′-([(1,1′-Biphenyl]-4,4′-diyldi-2,1-ethenediyl)-bis-benzenesulfonic    acid disodium salt).

Likewise, as noted above, fluoro/rhodamine moieties (shown below) may beused as the fluorescent moiety:

An example is Fluorol 7GA(2-Butyl-6-(butylamino)-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-dione).

Sulforhodamine dyes are also useful in connection with the moleculespresented herein. Sulforhodamine dyes have a base molecule structure asfollows:

Here, examples include:

-   Sulforhodamine B (Ethanaminium,    N-[(6-diethylamino)-9-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylhydroxid,    inner salt, sodium salt); and-   Sulforhodamine 101    (8-(2,4-Disulfophenyl)-2,3,5,6,11,12,14,15-octahydro-1H,4H,10H,13H-diquinolizino[9,9a,1-bc:9′,9a′,1-hi]xanthenes).

Pyrromethenes could also serve as the fluorescent moiety in the MSactive rapid tagging molecules having the general structure below:

Examples of pyrromethenes include:

-   Pyrromethene 546 (1,3,5,7,8-pentamethylpyrromethenedifluoroborate    complex);-   Pyrromethene 556    (Disodium-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethylpyrromethene-2,6-disulfonate-difluoroborate    complex);-   Pyrromethene 567 (2,6-Diethyl—    1,3,5,7,8-pentamethylpyrromethenedifluoroborate complex);-   Pyrromethene 580    (2,6-Di-n-butyl-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethylpyrromethenedifluoroborate    complex);-   Pyrromethene 597    (2,6-Di-t-butyl-1,3,5,7,8-pentamethylpyrromethenedifluoroborate    complex); and-   Pyrromethene 650    (8-Cyano-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexamethylpyrromethenedifluoroborate complex).

Furthermore, phenoxazonium (shown immediately below) and phenoxazine mayalso be useful fluorescent moieties:

Examples of these fluorescent moieties include:

-   Cresyl Violet (5,9-Diaminobenzo[a]phenoxazonium Perchlorate);-   Nile Blue (S-Amino-9-diethyliminobenzo[a]phenoxazonium Perchlorate);-   Oxazine 170    (9-Ethylamine-5-ethylimino-10-methyl-5H-benzo(a)phenoxazonium    Perchlorate), and-   Oxazine 1 (3-Diethylamino-7-diethyliminophenoxazonium Perchlorate).

Pyrene-derivatives compose another class of fluorescent moieties thatmay be useful in connection with the molecules presented herein. Pyrenedyes are based upon the following basic structure:

Examples of pyrene-derivatives include:

-   N-(1-pyrene)maleimide; and-   Pyranine (trisodium 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate) The    fluorescent molecules and other fluorophores can be used.

Ideally, fluorescent molecules are those molecules that produce afluorescent signal in the range of about 300 to 700 nanometers. Examplesinclude rhodamines and coumarins.

Reactive functional groups can include succidimidylcarbamate andisocynate.

The present molecules can have heterocyclic aromatic groups that exhibita higher fluorescence quantum yield that that of carbocyclic aromaticsused as tags. Nimura et al Anal. Chem. 58, 2372 (1986). This increase inthe fluorescence quantum yield of the tag provides an increase in thesensitivity of the tagged amine. For some of the heterocyclic molecules,the emission maximum of an amine compound derivatized with the reactivegroup is at a significantly different wavelength than the emissionmaximum of the free heterocyclic amine. The wavelength shift has verysignificant implications for fluorescence detection of tagged amines.Furthermore, since the observed fluorescence is predominantly from thederivative, background noise is eliminated or reduced and a moresensitive assay obtained.

Sample Preparation

The molecules provided herein do not provide a work-around for propersample preparation. To obtain high quality mass spectra, the conditionof the sample is of critical importance. Compounds other than theanalyte will generally have an adverse effect on ion yield and must beremoved. Indeed, while small amounts of sodium are essential forionization by MALDI, carbohydrates are particularly susceptible to theeffects of salts. Moreover, many carbohydrates occur as mixtures.Therefore it is important to ensure that isolation and purificationtechniques do not cause fractionation of the sample with a loss ofquantitative information. Exemplary is sialic acids which often are lostfrom glycoproteins when pH is too low or sample temperature too high.

Example I Tagging of N-Linked Glycans Released from Herceptin

N-linked glycans were released from 0.8 μg of Herceptin using standardPNGase F protocols prior to labeling with 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate.2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl(4-((2-(diethylamino)ethyl)carbamoyl)phenyl)carbamate was solubilized indry (water free) acetonitrile to a final concentration of 45 μg/μl. 10μl of this solution was then added to the to the released glycan sample.This mixture was left at room temperature for 5 minutes. The labeledsample was then lyophilized using a speed vac and reconstituted in 60%acetonitrile/water solution prior to chromatographic separation using aHILIC LC method and analysis by fluorescence and MS detection, as shownin FIGS. 1 and 2.

We claim:
 1. A compound of the structural Formula IV-A:

or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein X═C or N; R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈ cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid, and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is O═C═N—.
 2. A compound of claim 1, wherein the structural formula is:

or a salt or solvate thereof, and X═C or N; R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈ cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid, and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is O═C═N—.
 3. A compound of the structural Formula IV-B:

or a salt or solvate thereof, wherein X═C or N; R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈ cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid, and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is O═C═N—.
 4. A compound of the structural Formula VIII-A:

wherein X═C or N; R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈ cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid, and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is O═C═N—.
 5. A compound of claim 4, wherein the structural formula is:

and X═C or N; R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈ cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid, and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is O═C═N—.
 6. A compound of the structural Formula VIII-B:

wherein X═C or N; R¹ is independently selected from O═C═N—,

R² is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₁-C₈ cycloalkyl, halo, dialkylamino, CH₂-dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, or alkoxy, but not Cl or O═C═N—; and R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from —H, alkyl, alkyl amino, alkylsulfonic acid, alkyl phosphonic acid, wherein R³ or R⁴ is alkylamino, alkyl phosphonic acid, or alkylsulfonic acid, and wherein R³ and R⁴ together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted 5- to 8-membered saturated or partially unsaturated ring but not when R¹ is O═C═N—.
 7. A compound of the formula: 